Health, economic, and social Impacts of substandard and falsified medicines in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A systematic review of methodological approaches

Little is known about the adverse health, economic and social impacts of substandard and falsified medicines (SFMs). This systematic review aimed to identify the methods used in studies to measure the impact of SFMs in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), summarise their findings and identify gaps in the reviewed literature.